Causes, Effects & Solutions：因果与解决方案题写法

雅思写作 task 2 讲义

解决方案类

题型 1) 原因-结果论文

因果论文在雅思写作任务 2 中很常见，考生需要概述所介绍情况的一些原因并讨论其相关影响。文章结构建议遵循之前讲过的四段结构。在组织主体段落时，有两种可能的方式：

第一种：

主体第 1 段：两种原因

主体第 2 段：两种效果

（第一个主体段都写原因，第二个主体段都写影响）

第二种：

主体第 1 段：第一因 + 第一果

主体第 2 段：第二因 + 第二果

（每个主题段落都关注一个原因及其相关结果）

虽然只要充分回答了问题文章结构不会影响分数，但建议使用第一种样式（更加清晰）

练习 1

Megacities around the world are becoming overpopulated day after day.

What are the primary causes of this situation? How does it affect societies?

1. The main causes and keywords: ___

1. 2. The main effects and keywords:

1. Paraphrase the question, and state your opinion.

范文

Introduction

题目改写：Overpopulation is on the rise in big cities worldwide. 观点陈述（不需要发表意见，题目没有直接要求，这里可以扩展你对因果关系的想法，简要暗示文章的内容）：Some factors, including urbanization and the presence of job opportunities as well as advanced facilities, are the principal causes of this phenomenon; however, it inevitably affects societies, where heavy traffic, air pollution, and high rates of crime take their toll on the city dwellers.

主体段1

主题句：The leading causes of overpopulation in metropolitan areas are the availability of employment possibilities and public amenities. 解释：As a result of urbanization and developing megacities, a growing flux of people has migrated to these areas from small towns and villages, following their dreams of living a comfortable life. Urban sprawl has brought about job opportunities, which are usually missing in developing regions. Individuals are likely to be given a chance to acquire knowledge and improve their skills to be qualified for numerous job vacancies awaiting them in big cities. Moreover, masses of the population move to these areas to access public facilities. 举例论证：For instance, equipped hospitals and healthcare centers are scarce in small towns, and in case of emergencies and road accidents,  casualties need to be transferred to the nearest big city for medical examinations or surgeries; this could result in delayed recovery, permanent physiological injuries, or death in unfortunate occasions.

主体段2

主题句：Traffic congestion and air pollution are known to be the most adverse effects of overpopulation. 解释：Overcrowded subways and roads during rush hours are the unavoidable results of living in overpopulated urban areas. Consequently, people end up wasting considerable amounts of time commuting daily. Furthermore, exhaust fumes raise carbon dioxide levels in the air, generating air pollution, which significantly affects the public’s health. Besides, overpopulation gives rise to crime rates. 举例论证：An example of this is juvenile delinquency, a common situation in megacities among youngsters, who might lack parental supervision as parents are likely to be fully occupied, making ends meet living a highly competitive lifestyle.（请注意没有必要为每一个原因和影响举一个例子，这里举了第二个原因的例子）

Conclusion

总结原因和影响（使用复杂句，不要提出新的观点）：To conclude, megacities invite crowds of people to their pool of opportunities and readily available facilities; however, an increase in the number of urbanites results in gridlocks, air pollution, and high crime rates among the youth.

题型 2) 原因-方案论文

这种类型的论文与之前描述的因果论文非常相似。 唯一的细微差别是必须提出一些解决方案，而不是关注效果。 熟悉各种学术话题、与话题相关的词汇和搭配，将有助于针对这些类型的问题进行头脑风暴。 结构使用四段式可以提高文章的连贯性，其中一个主体段落侧重于描述给定情况的原因，另一个主体段落提供一些解决方案。

练习 2

Global warming is a primary environmental concern around the world.

What are the causes of global warming? What solutions can you suggest solving this universal problem?

1. Causes and keywords: ___

1. 2. Solutions and keywords:

1. Develop body paragraph 1

First of all, _

___. Secondly, __

__. For instance, __

1. Develop body paragraph 2

In order to tackle the aforesaid issues, ___

__. Furthermore, _

题型 3) 其他两步问题

此类题型一般会提出两个很直接，可能相关也可能不相关的问题。写作的关键是通过两个主体段把两个问题的回应均匀体现出来。

练习 3

Fossil fuels as primary sources of energy are depleting due to overconsumption.

How have fossil fuels affected the environment? What are the alternatives to fossil fuels?

1. Ways and keywords: ___

1. 2. Alternatives and keywords:

1. Develop body paragraph 1

First of all, _

___. Secondly, __

__. For instance, __

1. Develop body paragraph 2

In order to reduce the excessive use of fossil fuels, _are the most common alternative fuel sources. __

__. Furthermore, _